更新一下（至2020.07）
说在前面的话
微软VS中，版本和组件版本到底有多少个说法，俺目前其实也很迷糊，所以这里只能给出个大概最粗略的信息，供大家参考。
OpenCv中对应的VC版本
在Opencv中，对vs的版本采取的是VS对应的尾号版本的方式，比如VS2019version16，那vc16就代表vs2019。是下面这样的关系，
VC版本号 VS对应版本 vc6 VC6.0 vc7 VS2002 vc7.1 VS2003 vc8 VS2005 vc9 VS2008 vc10 VS2010 vc11 VS2012 vc12 VS2013 vc13 VS2014 vc14 VS2015 vc15 VS2017 vc16 VS2019
另一种不同的版本说法
这种版本标记大概相当于setup安装工具中可供选择的版本，标记方式是不一样的，比如安装时选择组件 MSVC v141。这个141可和vs2015没什么关系，估计是说编译器的版本。
先给出来源：https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloadshttps://omwtm.blog/2014/12/03/visual-studio-2013-version-numbers-and-updates/
大概是这个样子:
VC7: Visual studio.net VC7.1: Visual studio 2003 VC8: Visual studio 2005 VC9: Visual studio 2008 VC10: Visual studio 2010 VC11: Visual studio 2012 VC12: Visual studio 2013 VC14: Visual studio 2015 VC14.1: Visual studio 2017 （估计微软是这么来的：VC14.10, 11, 12, 13, ...etc) VC14.2: Visual studio 2019 （估计微软会这么来的：VC14.20, 21, 22, 23, ...etc)
如果要细究，子版本还有些子序列号
VS 2012 VersionVersion IDShell – RTM11.0.50727.1Update 511.0.61219.00VS 2013 VersionVersion IDRTM12.0.21005.1Update 112.0.30110.0Update 212.0.30324.0Update 312.0.30723.0Update 412.0.31101.0Update 512.0.40629.0VS 2015 VersionVersion IDRTM14.0.23107.0Update 114.0.24720.00Update 214.0.25123.00Update 314.0.25420.10
官网上vs版本的说法
微软的版本到底是咋来的，俺也不明就里，比如去其官网，找到的信息是这样的，
September 10, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.16 Servicing UpdateAugust 13, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.15 Servicing UpdateJuly 9, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.14 Servicing UpdateJune 11, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.13 Servicing UpdateMay 14, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.12 Servicing UpdateApril 02, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.11 Servicing UpdateMarch 25, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.10 Servicing UpdateMarch 12, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.9 Servicing UpdateMarch 05, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.8 Servicing UpdateFebruary 12, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.7 Servicing UpdateJanuary 24, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.6 Servicing UpdateJanuary 08, 2019 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.5 Servicing UpdateDecember 11, 2018 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.4 Servicing UpdateNovember 28, 2018 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.3 Servicing UpdateNovember 19, 2018 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.2 Servicing UpdateNovember 15, 2018 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.1 Servicing UpdateNovember 13, 2018 -- Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9 Minor Release
在官网上，最新的vs2019是这么宣传的，
参考地址：https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/releases/2019/release-notes-v16.3
Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3 Releases
November 20, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.10November 12, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.9November 5, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.8October 29, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.7October 22, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.6October 15, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.5October 10, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.4October 8, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.3October 1, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.2September 25, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.1September 23, 2019 — Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.0
Archived Release Notes
Visual Studio 2019 version 16.2 Release NotesVisual Studio 2019 version 16.1 Release NotesVisual Studio 2019 version 16.0 Release Notes
Visual Studio 2019 Blog
The Visual Studio 2019 Blog is the official source of product insight from the Visual Studio Engineering Team. You can find in-depth information about the Visual Studio 2019 releases in the following posts:
Visual Studio 2019 v16.4 Preview 2, Fall Sports, and Pumpkin Spice.NET Core Support and More in Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3 - Update Now!Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3 Preview 2 and Visual Studio 2019 for Mac version 8.3 Preview 2 Released!Visual Studio 2019 version 16.2 and 16.3 Preview 1 now availableVisual Studio 2019 version 16.2 Preview 2Visual Studio 2019 version 16.1 and Preview 16.2 PreviewVisual Studio 2019: Code faster. Work smarter. Create the future.
VS自带安装工具中可选的TOOLS版本
VS2017自带的安装工具
显示的是这样的，
VC++ 2017 version 15.8 v14.15 toolset VC++ 2017 version 15.9 v14.16 latest v141 tools VC++ 2017 version 15.9 v14.16 Libs for Spectre (ARM) VC++ 2017 version 15.9 v14.16 Libs for Spectre (ARM64) VC++ 2017 version 15.9 v14.16 Libs for Spectre (x86 and x64) VC++ 2017 版本 15.4 v14.11 工具集 VC++ 2017 版本 15.5 v14.12 工具集 VC++ 2017 版本 15.6 v14.13 工具集
VS2019自带的安装工具
显示得更多，
MSVC v140 - VS 2015 C++ 生成工具(v14.00) MSVC v141 – VS 2017 C++ ARM Spectre 缓解库(v14.16) MSVC v141 – VS 2017 C++ ARM 生成工具(v14.16) MSVC v141 – VS 2017 C++ ARM64 Spectre 缓解库(v14.16) MSVC v141 – VS 2017 C++ ARM64 生成工具(v14.16) MSVC v141 – VS 2017 C++ x64/x86 Spectre 缓解库(v14.16) MSVC v141 – VS 2017 C++ x64/x86 生成工具(v14.16) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ ARM build tools (v14.20) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ ARM Spectre 缓解库(v14.22) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ ARM Spectre-mitigated libs (v14.20) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ ARM 生成工具(v14.22) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ ARM64 build tools (v14.20) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ ARM64 Spectre-mitigated libs (v14.20) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ x64/x86 build tools (v14.20) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ x64/x86 Spectre 缓解库(v14.21) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ x64/x86 Spectre-mitigated libs (v14.20) MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ x64/x86 生成工具(v14.22) MSVC v142 – VS 2019 C++ ARM Spectre 缓解库(v14.21) MSVC v142 – VS 2019 C++ ARM 生成工具(v14.21) MSVC v142 – VS 2019 C++ ARM64 Spectre 缓解库(v14.21) MSVC v142 – VS 2019 C++ ARM64 Spectre 缓解库(v14.22) MSVC v142 – VS 2019 C++ ARM64 生成工具(v14.21) MSVC v142 – VS 2019 C++ ARM64 生成工具(v14.22) MSVC v142 – VS 2019 C++ x64/x86 Spectre 缓解库(v14.22) MSVC v142 – VS 2019 C++ x64/x86 生成工具(v14.21)
说实话这些子版本要弄清实在令人头大，还好用起来兼容性还可以。
别人的帖
最后我随便找了个别人的帖，大家自己看吧（很多帖子内容大同小异），
------=-----------------------------------------------=------------
CMake区分MSVC版本
https://www.cnblogs.com/coolbear/p/8438240.html
MSVC++ 4.x _MSC_VER == 1000
MSVC++ 5.0 _MSC_VER == 1100
MSVC++ 6.0 _MSC_VER == 1200
MSVC++ 7.0 _MSC_VER == 1300
MSVC++ 7.1 _MSC_VER == 1310 (Visual Studio 2003)
MSVC++ 8.0 _MSC_VER == 1400 (Visual Studio 2005)
MSVC++ 9.0 _MSC_VER == 1500 (Visual Studio 2008)
MSVC++ 10.0 _MSC_VER == 1600 (Visual Studio 2010)
MSVC++ 11.0 _MSC_VER == 1700 (Visual Studio 2012)
MSVC++ 12.0 _MSC_VER == 1800 (Visual Studio 2013)
MSVC++ 14.0 _MSC_VER == 1900 (Visual Studio 2015)
MSVC++ 14.1 _MSC_VER == 1911 (Visual Studio 2017)
if(MSVC)
if(CMAKE_CL_64)
set(OpenCV_ARCH x64)
set(OpenCV_TBB_ARCH intel64)
else()
set(OpenCV_ARCH x86)
set(OpenCV_TBB_ARCH ia32)
endif()
if(MSVC_VERSION EQUAL 1400)
set(OpenCV_RUNTIME vc8)
elseif(MSVC_VERSION EQUAL 1500)
set(OpenCV_RUNTIME vc9)
elseif(MSVC_VERSION EQUAL 1600)
set(OpenCV_RUNTIME vc10)
elseif(MSVC_VERSION EQUAL 1700)
set(OpenCV_RUNTIME vc11)
elseif(MSVC_VERSION EQUAL 1800)
set(OpenCV_RUNTIME vc12)
elseif(MSVC_VERSION EQUAL 1900)
set(OpenCV_RUNTIME vc14)
endif()